Representing Stimulus Similarity
نویسنده
چکیده
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1 Prelude 1 The Very Idea of Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Types of Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Is Similarity Indeterminate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Role of Similarity in Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Summary & General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2 Theories of Similarity 17 Similarity Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Spatial Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Featural Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Tree Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Network Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Alignment-Based Similarity Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Transformational Similarity Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Summary & General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 i 3 On Representational Complexity 55 Approaches to Model Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Choosing an Additive Clustering Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Choosing an Additive Tree Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Choosing a Spatial Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Summary & General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4 Featural Representation 97 A Menagerie of Featural Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Clustering Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Geometric Complexity Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Algorithms for Fitting Featural Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Monte Carlo Study I: Do the Algorithms Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Representations of Kinship Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Monte Carlo Study II: Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Experiment I: Faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Experiment II: Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Ratio Models: The Road Less Travelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Summary & General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 5 Prototype Space Scaling 161 Dissimilarity Between Prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Prototype Scaling Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Monte Carlo Study III: Culling the Weak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Complexity, Precision and Categorical Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Three Illustrative Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Summary & General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 ii 6 Similarity as a Decision Process 187 Heuristic Decision Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Sequential Sampling Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7 Epilogue 201 Similarity Theories: Representations and Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Similarity Modelling and Geometric Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 On Using Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Similarity and the Blue Sky of Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
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